Biology of Reproduction Summers

Endocrinology Homeostasis/Feedback Adult Female Steroid Production Ovulation

Adult Male Gonadal Axis Regulation Sexual Differentiation Sexual Behavior Puberty

Reproductive Cycling Estrous Cycles Menstrual Cycle Menopause Fertilization

Fertilization Systems Gamete Interaction Pregnancy Labor and Parturition Lactation

Sexual Response & Behavior Pheromones STDs text: Human Reproductive Biology4th Edition- RE Jones & KH Lopez,: pp 24-28 Acronyms/Abbreviations    end

IX. Ovulation 	

	A. Follicles (summary)			In a woman (age 16-25)/ovary


		1. primordial	® 1o ® 2o			   79,500	    3,300

		2. 3o or antral: three categories

			a. resting						
										  		       } 47
			b. ripe


			c. graafian or vesicular				10


		3. Pre-ovulatory						   0 - 1


	B. Oocyte Maturation


		1. Primary Oocyte


			a. dipoid = 2N


				i. humans have 46 chromosomes


				ii. = 23 homologous pairs


					(1) each pair includes one chromosome contributed
					    from maternal and 1 from paternal parent 


				iii. arrested in prophase of meiosis I


			b. 99.9% of ovarian oocytes


		2. Reduction division (finish Meiosis I)


			a. equal division of homologous pairs,
			    but unequal division of cytoplasm


				i. only occurs in germ cells


			b. first polar body


				i. haploid = 1N


		3. Secondary Oocyte


			a. haploid


			b. ovulated as it begins Meiosis II ® then arrested


		4. Meiosis II


			a. = mitosis with 1N chromosomes


			b. stimulated by sperm penetration


		5. 2nd polar body


		6. Ootid


	C. Ovulation


		1. LH ® Oocyte maturation
			    ¯

			 a. Ovulation


				i. hyperemia


				ii. stigma formation


				iii. ovulation cone    (mammals)


					(1) LH ® E2 ® surface epithelium
                                      and/or thecal cells ® collagenase


						(a) inflammatory response?
						   smooth muscle contraction?


				iv. oocyte - cumulous oophorus attachment breaks


				v. fluid oozes out through the open stigma


				vi. oocyte flows out with antral fluid


				vii. oocyte caught by fimbriated extremity
				    of the fallopian tube


	D. Transport after Ovulation ® Fallopian Tube = Oviduct = Uterine Tube


		1. Ostium = opening


		2. Frimbria(e) = fingers


		3. Infundibulum


		4. Ampulla


			a. ampullary-isthmic junction


				i. fertilization ususally takes place here


		5. Isthmus


		6. Intramural


		7. Uterotubal junction


		8. Cross-section


			a. Serosa (squamous epithelium)


			b. Smooth Muscle


				i. Longitudinal Layer


				ii. Circular Layer


				iii. each cell contracts rhythmically
				     in its own phase
					 - out of phase: no function
					   - in phase: peristaltic contraction


					(1) contractions integrated = coordinated


					(2) directional - wave of contraction
					    squeezes all the way down the tube


			c. Mucosa
			  (mostly connective tissue underlying epithelium)


			d. Ciliated columnar epithelium


				i. Goblet cells (mucus producing)


	E. Site of implantion after Ovultion ® Uterus


		1. myometrium


			a. smooth muscle


				i. inner circular
				outer longitudinal


		2. Endometrium


			a. epithelial cells


			b. uterine glands


			c. vascularity


		3. Cervix


			a. cervical canal leads to vagina


				ii. cervical os 


					(1) internal, external & opening


	F. Endometrium


		1. Uterine glands


			a. so many you cant see the mucosa


			b. E2 causes uterine gland growth, hyperemia


				i. mediated by growth factors (EGF's, IGF's)


			c. P + E2 ® secretion


				i. uteroglobin (protein)


			d. withdrawl of P + E2 ® death of endometrium


				i. sloughing